Here we test the hypothesis that if the Raven Progressive Matrices Test (RAPM) is the best available single measure of the general factor of intelligence (g), then their brain correlates must show a greater overlap with g than that observed for other intelligence measures. For that purpose, gray matter correlates were analyzed at different levels of the intelligence hierarchy checking for consistencies and discrepancies among measurements and constructs. A group of 104 young adults completed a battery of nine intelligence tests measuring fluid-abstract (Gf), crystallized-verbal (Gc), and spatial (Gv) intelligence. They also undertook MRI scanning. Psychometric scores were computed for a higher-order factor representing general intelligence (g), first-order group factors representing Gf, Gc, and Gv, and, finally, the nine specific measures. Optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and cortical surface-based morphometry (SBM, cortical thickness and cortical surface area) assessments were obtained and related to the scores. Overlaps among resulting brain maps were systematically inspected, controlling for sex, age, and handedness. VBM findings identified an overlap in a right middle frontal gyrus cluster, whereas cortical surface area results showed a key overlap in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, for the RAPM, Gf, and g. These results were seen as consistent with the main [...]

This study examined the impact of visualization techniques on mathematical problem-solving performance and cognitive load among 80 male high school students (40 gifted, 40 non-gifted) in Saudi Arabia. Using a pretest-posttest experimental design, participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 40), receiving visualization-based instruction (e.g., diagrams, interactive tools), or a control group (n = 40), using traditional methods. Data were analyzed with two-way mixed ANOVAs and a MANOVA. Results showed the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in problem-solving over time, F(1, 76) = 99.45, p < .001, η²ₚ = .57, and experienced reduced cognitive load, F(1, 76) = 47.40, p < .001, η²ₚ = .37. A significant interaction effect emerged (Wilks’ Λ = .88, F(2, 75) = 5.12, p = .008, η² = .12), with gifted experimental students achieving the highest scores (M = 88.45, SD = 4.29) and lowest cognitive load (M = 3.05, SD = 0.61). These findings highlight visualization techniques as effective for enhancing mathematics education, especially for gifted learners, supporting inclusive instructional strategies.

The aim of the current study is to adapt the Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI), which is used to measure appearance anxiety, into Turkish. For this purpose, the psychometric properties of the AAI in Turkish culture were examined in a sample of emerging adults (N = 520). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the single-factor structure of the AAI, and the AAI showed measurement invariance across gender. Item response theory analysis revealed that the scale items had sufficient discrimination parameters for levels of appearance anxiety; differential item functioning analysis revealed that the scale items did not show differential item functioning according to gender. Network analysis determined that the items with the highest centrality were those regarding the individual hiding or changing his or her appearance. The scale yielded a McDonald's ω value of .91, a Cronbach's α value of .90, and an intraclass correlation coefficient of .88. The findings of the study indicate that the AAI has sound psychometric properties that can be used in the assessment of appearance anxiety in emerging adults in the Turkish population.

Research on callous-unemotional traits (CU) as precursors of the most chronic and severe forms of antisocial behavior in youth has significantly increased. Concurrently, growing interest has emerged in examining CU variants that may exhibit distinct etiologies and manifestations. Emotional dysregulation has been proposed as a potential feature underlying a specific CU subtype, characterized by unique determinants and correlates. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify distinct adolescent profiles based on combinations of CU and negative affect (NA), and to analyze their differential associations with personality dimensions and with indicators of behavioral and socioemotional maladjustment. Participants included 902 school-enrolled adolescents (Mage=14.89; SD=1.67), followed up one year later. Latent Profile Analysis identified five distinct profiles, including one with high CU and low NA, and two emotionally dysregulated profiles—one characterized by predominant CU and another by predominant NA. Profiles differed in basic personality traits and attachment styles. One year later, significant differences emerged in indicators of behavioral maladjustment, socioemotional well-being, and risk behaviors. Findings from this person-centered approach support the distinction between CU variants, aligning with classical conceptions of primary and secondary psychopathy. Specifically, secondary CU variants exhibit greater emotional, social, and behavioral maladjustment than the primary variant.

Introducción. El presente trabajo examina las percepciones de los padres de niños con discapacidad intelectual no especificada (DIE) sobre cómo se cuida a dichos niños en su centro de tratamiento, y destaca la importancia de las intervenciones educativas y terapéuticas personalizadas. El estudio subraya la necesidad de estrategias individualizadas y la contribución de la colaboración multidisciplinar para mejorar los resultados del desarrollo infantil. El objetivo central del presente estudio fue evaluar las características psicométricas de la adaptación española de las Escalas de Prácticas Centradas en la Familia (ECF) entre padres de niños con DIE en España. Métodos. Un total de 221 padres (112 mujeres y 109 hombres) participaron en este estudio. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, análisis factorial confirmatorio, análisis de invarianza de género, análisis convergente y divergente e índices de fiabilidad, y una comparación longitudinal de las puntuaciones después de seis meses. Los datos se recopilaron utilizando escalas tipo Likert personalizadas, seguidas de análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Resultados. El análisis factorial exploratorio indicó que las ECF miden eficazmente las prácticas centradas en la familia, conservando su estructura original de dos factores: prácticas relacionales y prácticas participativas. El análisis factorial confirmatorio confirmó una alta consistencia interna para la puntuación global. [...]

This analogue study compares the effectiveness of two forensic interview protocols—the NICHD Protocol and the Memorandum of Good Practice (MoGP)—in eliciting accurate and forensically relevant information from children. A total of 123 children (60 aged 6–7 and 63 aged 10–11) participated in a staged event, followed by a delayed interview conducted using either the NICHD or MoGP guidelines. Interviewers were postgraduate students who received protocol-specific training. Transcripts were coded for prompt type and the amount, accuracy, and relevance of elicited details. Generalized linear mixed models revealed that interviews conducted using the NICHD Protocol elicited more total, correct, central, and peripheral details, particularly through invitations and cued invitations. Option-posing prompts were the least effective, yielding the fewest correct and peripheral details. Age-related differences in productivity and accuracy were attenuated after controlling for the informativeness of prompt types. Option-posing questions were frequently used in both conditions, including NICHD-guided interviews. These findings highlight the critical role of prompt formulation in shaping children’s narrative responses and underscore the relative advantages of the NICHD Protocol. They further suggest that enhanced interviewer training is needed to reduce reliance on less effective prompt types and to promote best practices in investigative interviewing.